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Medical Disclaimer: The information in this article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult your paediatrician or health visitor regarding your baby’s feeding needs. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on formula preparation exactly.
Whether you have chosen formula feeding from the start, are supplementing breastfeeding, or have transitioned from breastfeeding, this guide will walk you through everything you need to know. Formula feeding is a safe, valid, and loving way to nourish your baby, and with the right information you can do it with complete confidence.
Types of Infant Formula
Walking into the formula aisle for the first time can be overwhelming. Here is a breakdown of the main types:
First Infant Formula (Stage 1)
This is the only type of formula suitable for babies from birth. First infant formula is based on whey protein, which is more easily digested than casein. It should be the default choice unless your health visitor or doctor advises otherwise. You can use a first infant formula right through to 12 months when cow’s milk can be introduced as a main drink.
Hungry Baby Formula (Stage 2)
Hungry baby formulas are casein-based and are marketed for hungrier babies. The NHS advises that there is no evidence they are more satisfying than first infant formula and they are not recommended. If your baby seems very hungry, talk to your health visitor rather than switching formula.
Follow-On Formula (Stage 3)
Follow-on formula is marketed for babies from 6 months. Health professionals generally agree it is unnecessary. First infant formula can be used until 12 months.
Specialist Formulas
These include hypoallergenic formulas for babies with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), anti-reflux formulas, and lactose-free formulas. These should only be used on medical advice.
How to Prepare Formula Safely
Safe formula preparation is critical. Powdered infant formula is not sterile, and incorrect preparation can make babies seriously ill. Follow these steps every time:
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
- Sterilise all equipment including bottles, teats, and rings.
- Boil fresh tap water and allow it to cool for no more than 30 minutes. The water should still be at least 70 degrees Celsius when you add the formula powder. This temperature kills any bacteria in the powder.
- Add the correct amount of water to the bottle first, then add the measured powder. Use the scoop provided in the tin and level off each scoop with a clean knife. Do not pack or heap.
- Mix well by gently swirling or shaking the bottle.
- Cool under running cold water before feeding. Test on your inner wrist.
- Discard any leftover formula in the bottle within 2 hours of preparing it.
Using Ready-Made Liquid Formula
Ready-made formula is more expensive but convenient, especially when travelling or in the early days when you are exhausted. It is sterile until opened. Once opened, use within 2 hours at room temperature or store in the fridge and use within 24 hours.
How Much Formula Does a Baby Need?
As a general guide, babies need approximately 150 to 200ml of formula per kilogram of body weight per day. Your health visitor can help you calculate the right amount for your baby. Most formula tins also include feeding guides by age and weight.
Typical approximate amounts:
- Birth to 1 month: 60 to 90ml per feed, every 3 to 4 hours
- 1 to 3 months: 90 to 150ml per feed, around 6 to 7 times per day
- 3 to 6 months: 120 to 180ml per feed, around 5 to 6 times per day
- 6 to 12 months: 180 to 240ml per feed, around 4 to 5 times per day
These are guidelines only. Responsive feeding applies to formula-fed babies too. Feed your baby when they show hunger cues and stop when they show signs of fullness (turning away, slowing sucking, becoming relaxed and drowsy).
Sterilising Equipment
All bottles, teats, caps, and rings must be sterilised until your baby is at least 12 months old. Methods include:
- Electric steam steriliser: Fast, effective, and easy to use
- Microwave steam steriliser: Convenient and quick
- Cold water sterilising: Uses sterilising tablets or fluid. Items must be fully submerged for at least 30 minutes
- Boiling: Submerge items in boiling water for at least 10 minutes
Responsive Formula Feeding
Responsive feeding is just as important for formula-fed babies as for breastfed ones. Watch your baby for hunger and fullness cues rather than insisting they finish a bottle. Feeding a baby past the point of fullness teaches them to override their satiety signals, which is associated with a higher risk of overfeeding and later obesity.
Hold your baby close during feeds, maintain eye contact, and enjoy this feeding time as a bonding experience. Skin-to-skin feeding is possible with a bottle too, and is warmly encouraged.
Recommended Products for Formula Feeding
Common Formula Feeding Concerns
My baby seems gassy or unsettled after feeds
Try winding your baby more frequently during feeds. Check the teat flow rate: a flow that is too fast can cause your baby to swallow air. An anti-colic bottle may help.
My baby is constipated
Formula-fed babies tend to poo less frequently than breastfed babies. Occasional constipation (hard, pellet-like stools) can occur. Speak to your health visitor before changing formula or giving any remedies.
Can I make bottles in advance?
Prepared formula can be stored in the back of the fridge (not the door) for up to 24 hours. You can make a batch in the evening for overnight feeds. Reheat in a jug of warm water, not a microwave (which can create hot spots).
Sources
- NHS (2023). Types of formula milk. nhs.uk
- NHS (2023). How to prepare formula. nhs.uk
- World Health Organization and UNICEF (2022). Safe Preparation, Storage and Handling of Powdered Infant Formula. who.int
- American Academy of Pediatrics (2022). Choosing an Infant Formula. healthychildren.org
